Military or marching bands also play this part. Artillery: one battery of cannon, or even ceremonial field artillery.Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos and double basses.Percussion: timpani, orchestral bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, carillon.Brass: 4 horns in F, 2 cornets in B ♭, 2 trumpets in E ♭, 3 trombones (2 tenor, 1 bass) and 1 tuba.Woodwinds: 1 piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 1 cor anglais, 2 clarinets in B ♭ and 2 bassoons.Note: the brass band or its substitute is meant to play during the finale only. The carillon is sometimes replaced with tubular bells or recordings of carillons, or even church bells. In the sections that contain cannon shots, actual cannons are sometimes replaced by howitzers, tanks, or recorded cannons or played on a piece of staging, usually with a large wooden mallet or sledgehammer as in the Mahler 6th. The bass drum, and gong/ tam-tam are also regularly used as cannon substitutes or adjuncts in indoor performances. In his 1966 Deutsche Grammophon recording, Herbert von Karajan scored the first 02'43" (or 36 bars) for voices instead of strings at the start and the subsequent dialogue between strings and woodwind, adding the Russian Orthodox plainchant God Preserve Thy People text to the melody and slightly rearranging the texture to suit voices a capella rather than instruments. Two years later, the American conductor Igor Buketoff, son of a Russian Orthodox priest, went a stage further on his RCA Victrola recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra. Composition Historical background: Napoleon I's invasion of Russia Not only did he deploy voices for the opening chant but he also had a children's chorus sing the folk tune "By the Gates" and brought the choir back to bolster the chant and the Russian Imperial national anthem God Save the Tsar!. On 7 September 1812, at Borodino, 120 km (75 mi) west of Moscow, Napoleon I's forces met those of General Mikhail Kutuzov in a concerted stand made by Russia against the seemingly invincible French Army. The Battle of Borodino saw casualties estimated as high as 100,000 and the French were masters of the field.
It was, however, ultimately a pyrrhic victory for the French invasion.
With resources depleted and supply lines overextended, Napoleon I's weakened forces moved into Moscow, which they occupied with no delegation to receive the conquerors.
Expecting a capitulation from Tsar Alexander I, the French instead found themselves in a barren and desolate city. To make things worse, 48 hours after Napoleon I's entry to the Russian city on 14 September 1812, three quarters of Moscow was burned to the ground. ĭeprived of winter stores, Napoleon I had to retreat. Beginning on 19 October and lasting well into December, the French Army faced several overwhelming obstacles on its long retreat: famine, typhus, freezing temperatures, harassing cossacks, and Russian forces barring the way out of the country. Abandoned by Napoleon I in November, the Grande Armée was reduced to one-tenth of its original size by the time it reached Poland and relative safety.
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In 1869, the full edition of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy was published.
The novel reported a very accurate description of the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, reviving memories of the Russian resistance. This led to the commissioning of new monuments, paintings and also of new musical compositions, including Tchaikovsky's.
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